Give the author's name and the page number on which you found the information you are citing in parentheses for print citations. If you mention the author's name in your sentence, your parenthetical entry should include only the page numbers. For example: Humans instinctively use language (Pinker 1-11). According to Stephen Pinker, humans instinctively use language (1-11).
Give only the author's last name to create in-text citations for web sources. Philosophers have long debated the role that supposedly innate ideas play in humans' acquisition of knowledge (Cowie).
Use the phrase "qtd. in" when citing a source located within another. According to Descartes animals "have no intelligence at all" (Descartes 140-1, qtd. in Cowie).
Give the author's last and first name.
Give the title of the work in italics if it is a complete book. If it is a a book chapter, article, or other short work, give the title in quotes, followed by the title of the book, journal, or other area in which it appears in italics. Pinker, Stephen. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. Cowie, Fiona. "Innateness and Language." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Give publication information related to the work. For a book, write the name of the city in which the book was published, followed by a colon and, separated by a comma, the publisher's name and year of publication. Pinker, Stephen. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: Harper, 2007.
For a journal article, give the volume and issue separated by a period, the year of publication enclosed in parentheses and a colon followed by the page numbers the article occupies. Attardo, Salvatore and Lucy Pickering. International Journal of Humor Research 24.2 (2011): 233-250.
For a website, give the name of the website in italics, the publisher of the site (if available) and the date the site was last updated. Cowie, Fiona. "Innateness and Language." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu. Center for the Study of Language and Information.16 Jan. 2008.
Indicate the medium of publication by writing "Print" or "Web" at the end of your citation. For web source, give the date you last accessed the site. Pinker, Stephen. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: Harper, 2007. Print. Cowie, Fiona. "Innateness and Language." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu. Center for the Study of Language and Information.16 Jan. 2008. Web. 3 June 2011.