Schools such as Stanford School of Medicine offer anatomical pathology programs that are combined with clinical pathology training. Trainees take two years of structured anatomical training and 18 months of structured clinical pathology. They also take six months of flexible training that integrates anatomical and clinical pathology.
Certain educational programs are designed to increase trainees' interpretive and analytical skills. The College of American Pathologists offers opportunities to gain continuing education credits in anatomical courses such as specialty anatomical pathology, cytogenetics and molecular pathology.
The University of Missouri supports a residency program in its Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences in clinical and anatomical pathology. With a combined training program offering a 42-month rotation consisting of education in both disciplines, trainees learn to review biopsies in surgical pathology diagnosis, evaluate cells in the cytopathology laboratory and examine Pap smears.
Trainees in an anatomical pathology-only program undergo two years of technical and methodological training in diagnosing diseases. The University of Virginia's School of Medicine allows trainees to learn anatomical pathology during their first-, third- and fourth-year curriculum. During their fourth year, the trainees are permitted to take elective courses.