Formula grant programs, sometimes known as state-administered programs, are noncompetitive grants distributed to states based on an established formula. The Office of Special Education (OSEP) authorizes IDEA formula grants under three programs. The Grants to States program provides funding for children ages 3 to 21, the Preschool Grants program is for students ages 3 to 5, and the Grants for Infants and Toddlers provides early intervention funding for children up to 2 years old and their families. States that are awarded formula grants are expected to use the funds to improve special education programs. The funds can be used to improve technology in the classroom, to develop and implement transition programs and generally for anything that will advance alternative strategies and assessments for special education students.
Discretionary Grant programs distribute funds through OSEP directly to schools and non-profit organizations based on a competitive application process. Organizations applying for an IDEA discretionary grant must submit applications outlining what the funding will be used for such as research, development of technology, parent training or information centers. OSEP then reviews applications and decides if a request is compatible with discretionary grant policies. According to OSEP, the review process acts as a way to ensure that only the most deserving organizations will receive funds.
The Philanthropic Ventures Foundation awards special education resources grants in the California counties of Alameda, Contra Costa and Solano. A maximum of three grants, of up to $500, can be awarded to any public school in these counties for classroom supplies, resources, necessary additional therapist sessions or educator development. According to the foundation's website, this grant program has improved assessment tools and opportunities to develop self-help skills through independent living skills field trips.