You can earn master's and doctoral degrees in Canada. Two types of master's programs are the academic program, which focuses on research, and the professional program, which emphasizes the practical application of knowledge. Each program lasts one or two years and leads to either a master of arts (M.A.) or master of science (M.Sc.) degree. A third option is a master of philosophy (M.Phil.) degree, which is the path most often taken by students intending to pursue a doctoral degree. Doctoral programs take four to seven years to complete and include coursework and examinations as well as research. They lead to a doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) degree.
Postgraduate courses in Canada are available at both English- and French-speaking universities. Many schools have both full-time and part-time enrollment opportunities. Many also offer distance learning, continuing education, cooperative education and exchange programs. The Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada's website has a database of colleges that can be searched by province, university, field of study and program level. The "Macleans Magazine" website offers an annual online list of top universities, including schools with the best variety and quality of postgraduate programs. It requires free registration to view.
An undergraduate degree from a recognized university is usually required for admission to a master's degree program in Canada. Most Canadian doctoral programs require a master's degree, though exceptions exist in which work experience, references, personal statements or other academic records may substitute. Standardized tests such as the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) or the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT) may be required.
The most accurate information about the application procedures for Canadian postgraduate schools can be found at the schools' websites. Most schools have online application forms and calendars of important dates along with complete instructions.
Canadian universities offer a variety of scholarships as well as teaching and research assistant positions for postgraduate students. The websites of individual schools provide details about what is available. In addition, ScholarshipsCanada.com has a database of scholarships that can be searched by degree level and due date.
As of 2010, typical annual tuition costs for postgraduate students attending school fulltime were about $1,400 for Canadian citizens and about $2,500 for international students. Infozee.com, a website about studying abroad, has charts showing average tuition costs for international students by province.