1. Paper Substrate: The base of the banknote is usually made from a high-quality cotton or linen-based paper. This paper is selected for its strength, durability, and resistance to wear and tear.
2. Polymer Substrate: In recent years, some countries have adopted polymer (plastic) substrates for their banknotes. Polymer notes are more durable and resistant to moisture, dirt, and general wear compared to traditional paper banknotes.
3. Security Features: Various security features are incorporated into banknotes to prevent counterfeiting and ensure authenticity. These often include:
- Watermarks: Embedded images or designs that appear when the banknote is held up to a light.
- Holograms: Metallic images that change appearance when viewed from different angles.
- Security Threads: Embedded metallic strips or threads woven into the paper or polymer substrate.
- Microprinting: Extremely small text or patterns printed on the banknote that can be viewed with magnification.
- Ultraviolet (UV) Features: Patterns or inks that fluoresce under ultraviolet (UV) light.
4. Inks: Specialized inks are used to print banknotes, including intaglio inks (which create a raised surface for certain elements like numerals and seals) and offset inks for general printing. Some banknotes may also have metallic or iridescent inks for added security and visual appeal.
5. Coatings: A protective coating, typically made of varnish, is applied to banknotes to enhance durability and provide resistance to wear, moisture, and handling.
So, while most banknotes primarily consist of paper or polymer substrates, they also incorporate various materials and security features to ensure their authenticity, durability, and protection against counterfeiting.