1. Access to Education:
- Barriers for Girls: During the Taliban's rule (1996-2001), girls' education was banned. While significant progress was made in increasing access to education for girls after 2001, challenges remain, particularly in rural areas and conservative communities.
- Security Concerns: Ongoing insecurity and fear of violence have hindered children and teachers from attending schools, especially in conflict-affected areas.
2. Gender Disparities:
- Low Enrollment Rates: Despite improvements, female literacy rates remain considerably lower than male literacy rates. Cultural norms, early marriages, and safety concerns contribute to lower school attendance among girls.
- Gender-Segregation: Many schools, especially in rural areas, are gender-segregated, where boys and girls study in separate classes or schools.
3. Quality of Education:
- Teacher Training: The quality of education has been affected by a shortage of qualified and trained teachers. Many teachers lack proper credentials and resources to deliver quality education.
- Curriculum and Resources: The curriculum may be outdated or insufficient, and schools often lack necessary resources such as textbooks, libraries, and laboratories.
4. Infrastructure:
- Lack of Infrastructure: Many schools in Afghanistan are in need of basic infrastructure, such as proper buildings, classrooms, sanitation facilities, and electricity.
- Overcrowding: Due to limited facilities, classrooms are often overcrowded, negatively impacting the teaching and learning process.
5. Learning Environment:
- Security: Ensuring the safety of students and teachers is a primary concern, especially in areas affected by conflict.
- Political and Social Issues: The political and social environment can affect the quality of education and limit discussions on certain topics.
6. Impact of Conflict:
- Displacement: Conflict-induced internal displacement and refugee flows have disrupted the education of many children who are forced to move frequently.
Despite the challenges, there have been efforts to improve the education system, such as the establishment of community-based education programs, mobile schools, and the use of technology for remote learning. However, the overall improvements and sustainable development of education in Afghanistan require long-term commitment, stability, and addressing the root causes of underlying challenges.