The United States Department of Education was organized in 1867. The federal government and state governments began offering scholarships and grants to students about 100 years ago. The Educational Opportunity Grant Program and the Basic Educational Opportunity Grant Program were the basis for current grant programs that have made low-cost schooling a reality for millions of students.
The Federal Pell Grant is the most familiar grant offered by the government. The grant is need-based and is offered to undergraduates for up to four years. The grant will often cover the entire cost of tuition at many community colleges. The Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG), the Academic Competitiveness Grant (ACG), the TEACH Grant and the National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent (SMART) Grant are also available from the government.
Each state education department also offers education grants for students. These grants are awarded to students who are state residents and will attend an accredited state institution. Individual states have different grant programs. For example, Minnesota offers child care grants to assist parents who attend school as well as an academic excellence grant.
Many government grants are based on need or have strict requirements. Students with the lowest incomes are chosen to receive funds for some grants first. The amount of the grant awarded is usually based on Expected Family Contribution (EFC), which is different for each student. Government grants also have other requirements. Most require that you be a U.S. citizen and enroll full time in school. Other grants require a minimum GPA or that you enroll in a specific program of study.
Applying for government grants is a relatively easy process. Prospective students need to complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). The form is used to determine eligibility for both federal and state grants. Forms are available from the college financial aid department or can be filled out online. Using financial information you submit, the government determines which grants you might be eligible for. Your selected college's financial aid department will inform you of your award amount. The deadline to apply is June 30, although individual schools often have earlier application deadlines. Applying early is especially important if you wish to be considered for other grants and scholarships offered directly from the school.