* Recall: Retrieving memorized information (facts, dates, formulas).
* Recognition: Identifying correct answers from a set of choices.
* Application: Applying learned concepts and procedures to solve problems in a straightforward manner.
* Analysis (to a limited extent): Breaking down information into smaller parts, but usually within a pre-defined framework.
While some tests might include elements of divergent thinking (generating multiple solutions or creative ideas), this is generally less emphasized and less effectively assessed. Standardized tests are not well-suited to measuring creativity, critical thinking in open-ended situations, problem-solving requiring innovative approaches, or practical application of knowledge in real-world contexts. Their focus remains firmly on assessing the acquisition of specific, pre-determined knowledge and skills.