Here are some key models of curriculum development, categorized for clarity:
I. Based on Philosophical Approaches:
* Subject-centered (or subject-matter) model: This model focuses on the content itself, organizing the curriculum around specific disciplines or subjects. The emphasis is on the logical structure and sequential progression of knowledge within each subject. Traditional schooling often reflects this model.
* Student-centered model: This model prioritizes the learner's needs, interests, and experiences. Learning activities are designed to be relevant and engaging for students, promoting active learning and self-directed inquiry. Examples include experiential learning, project-based learning, and inquiry-based learning.
* Problem-centered model: This model focuses on real-world problems or issues that students can investigate and solve. Learning is driven by the need to address these problems, encouraging critical thinking, collaboration, and problem-solving skills.
* Experiential learning model: This model emphasizes learning through direct experience and reflection. Students actively participate in activities and then reflect on their experiences to learn from them.
II. Based on Processes and Stages:
* Tyler's Rationale Model: This is a classic model emphasizing four fundamental questions:
1. What educational purposes should the school seek to attain?
2. What educational experiences can be provided that are likely to attain these purposes?
3. How can these educational experiences be effectively organized?
4. How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained?
* Kemp's Model: This model is a more comprehensive, cyclical approach, incorporating elements of design, development, implementation, and evaluation. It emphasizes continuous improvement and feedback loops.
* Backwards Design (Wiggins & McTighe): This model begins with identifying desired results (end goals) and then works backward to design assessments and learning experiences that align with those results. It emphasizes clear learning objectives and assessment criteria.
III. Other Notable Models:
* Spiral curriculum (Bruner): This model introduces concepts at a basic level and then revisits and expands upon them at increasing levels of complexity throughout the curriculum.
* Systems approach: This model views the curriculum as a complex system with interconnected parts. It emphasizes the interaction between different elements of the curriculum and the environment.
It's important to note that these models are not mutually exclusive. Many curriculum developers integrate elements from different models to create a unique approach that best suits their specific needs and context. Furthermore, the current trend is towards more flexible and adaptable models that respond to the ever-changing needs of learners and society.