* Structure and Organization: This includes things like outlining, using chronological order, flashbacks, foreshadowing, in media res (starting in the middle of the action), parallel plots, and using different narrative structures (e.g., first-person, third-person limited, third-person omniscient).
* Sentence Structure and Style: This encompasses techniques like using varied sentence lengths, employing parallelism (using similar grammatical structures for emphasis), using rhetorical questions, employing fragments strategically for effect, and choosing active versus passive voice.
* Word Choice (Diction) and Figurative Language: This involves selecting precise words to create a specific tone and mood, using imagery (sensory details), metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole, symbolism, alliteration, assonance, consonance, and other figures of speech.
* Narrative Voice and Point of View: This focuses on who is telling the story and how they are telling it (first person, third person limited, third person omniscient, etc.). The writer's voice, their unique style and personality, also falls under this category.
* Character Development: This covers techniques like showing (not telling) about characters, using dialogue to reveal personality, creating compelling backstories, and using character arcs.
* Setting and Atmosphere: This involves using descriptive language to create a vivid and immersive setting, and using techniques to establish a particular atmosphere or mood (e.g., suspense, horror, joy, peace).
* Plot and Pacing: This includes structuring events in a way that builds suspense, creates conflict, and resolves the narrative effectively, as well as controlling the pace of the story through short or long sentences and paragraphs, and the use of action or description.
Essentially, writing techniques are the tools a writer uses to craft effective and engaging writing. The skillful application of these techniques distinguishes good writing from great writing.