The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) performed a study in 1999 in conjunction with Eastern Michigan University and the Department of Justice. The study found that police departments that were not responsive to public concerns had an increased likelihood of police brutality cases.
The NCJRS study suggested more training for police officers to increase sensitivity to social and urban factors. Coursework and training that specifically deals with the topic of excessive force was also recommended. The study also suggested police departments employ more officers with higher education backgrounds since police departments with more personnel with degrees were more responsive to citizens.
Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) argue for more civil organizations that monitor and audit police departments. The ACLU argues this form of transparency helps the public see the treatment officers give to criminals or suspects.