* Democracy (with limitations): While Athenian democracy was not as inclusive as modern conceptions, it offered a (relatively) peaceful means for citizens to participate in political decision-making. The assembly allowed for debate and the voicing of grievances, reducing the pressure that might otherwise build into violent revolution. However, it was limited to male citizens, excluding women, slaves, and foreigners, a significant source of potential instability.
* Ostracism: This unique institution allowed citizens to vote to banish a prominent individual from Athens for ten years. Though seemingly undemocratic, ostracism was intended to prevent ambitious individuals from accumulating too much power and potentially seizing control through force. It acted as a safety valve, preventing a single person from dominating the political landscape. However, it was also subject to manipulation and was occasionally used for political vendettas.
* The Courts and Legal System: Athens possessed a relatively sophisticated legal system, including courts where citizens could bring grievances against each other and against the government. This provided a formal mechanism for conflict resolution, preventing disputes from escalating into larger conflicts. However, the effectiveness of the system was hampered by issues of access and bias.
* Religious Festivals and Civic Participation: Numerous religious festivals and public events promoted a sense of shared identity and community among the Athenian citizens. This fostered social cohesion and a sense of belonging, which could help mitigate social unrest. However, religion also played a role in political power struggles.
* Military Success and Economic Prosperity: During the Golden Age, Athens' military might and economic prosperity created a sense of national pride and stability. Success in war and trade fostered a sense of optimism and confidence in the system. However, this stability was fragile and dependent on external factors. When the Peloponnesian War broke out, Athenian political and social stability collapsed.
It's crucial to understand that Athenian success in avoiding *major* upheavals for extended periods was not due to a single, perfect system. Rather, it was a complex interplay of factors, many of which were imperfect and ultimately unsustainable in the long term. The inherent limitations of their democracy, along with external pressures, ultimately led to periods of significant instability and ultimately the decline of Athenian power.