Students may earn doctoral degrees in many different subject areas. One of the more popular doctorates is the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). This degree does not apply merely to the field of philosophy, but designates that one has reached the highest level of study and research in a given subject area, such as theology or theater. Another popular doctorate is the Doctor of Medicine (MD), which enables holders of the title to work in the medical field legally. Other types of doctoral degrees include Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) and Doctor of Public Administration (D.P.A.).
Students must have already earned a master's degree in order to begin work on a doctorate; some doctoral degrees are available after a bachelor's degree, but most universities require a master's degree of their applicants. Many doctoral programs involve three stages of academic study. The first step is initial coursework and seminars, along with lab studies and written examinations. The second step includes "a set of advanced seminars and consortia" where the student chooses a subject for the dissertation, according to American Graduate Education; a dissertation is the doctorate level of a thesis. The last stage is when the student carries out his independent research which will eventually become the basis of the dissertation.
The amount of time it takes for a student to earn a doctorate will depend on the academic area and the school's curriculum. Medical students and those studying law typically spend over ten years in school to achieve their goals. If a student remains registered in school, earning a doctorate in an academic discipline will take an average of seven to eight and a half years of study after the completion of the bachelor's degree. The median time frame for all fields is a bit over seven years.
While it is possible to achieve professional positions without a doctorate degree, businesses and organizations are more likely to hire someone who has spent more time devoted to the field and the knowledge of it. Those wanting to participate in the medical field as a doctor need the terminal degree. Those wishing to teach may do so in secondary schools and below with a master's, but most universities and colleges require professors to have a doctorate. If a student wishes to pursue a job in independent research or development in the field of science or psychology, a Ph.D. is typically required.