1. Personal Experience
Personal experience, although valuable, is not considered research as it lacks systematic methods and controlled observations.
2. Anecdotal Evidence
Anecdotal evidence refers to individual accounts of specific experiences or observations. While these can provide insights, they are limited in scope and do not represent a comprehensive analysis.
3. Biased Information
Information that is biased or influenced by personal beliefs, emotions, or vested interests cannot be considered reliable research. Objectivity is crucial in research to ensure unbiased findings.
4. Common Sense
Common sense refers to general beliefs or assumptions that may not be empirically tested. While useful as starting points, they do not constitute rigorous research findings.
5. Unsystematic Observations
Casual or unsystematic observations, even if recorded, do not meet the criteria of systematic inquiry and hypothesis testing that characterize research.
6. Speculation
Mere speculation or imaginative ideas, without empirical evidence or systematic investigation, do not qualify as research.
7. Opinions
Personal opinions, unless based on empirical evidence or rigorous analysis, cannot be considered as research findings.
8. Unsubstantiated Claims
Claims made without supporting evidence or scientific rigor cannot be considered research outcomes.
9. Data Collection without Analysis
Simply gathering data without analyzing and interpreting it does not constitute research. Analysis and interpretation are essential to draw meaningful conclusions from the collected data.
10. Literature Review without Original Contribution
A literature review that merely summarizes existing knowledge but lacks original research and analysis does not meet the criteria for research.