1. The Dust Bowl: The novel is set during the 1930s Dust Bowl, a period of severe drought and dust storms that devastated the American Midwest. This real-life event provides the backdrop for the Joad family's journey westward, forced from their land by the economic hardship and environmental devastation.
2. The Great Depression: The Dust Bowl coincided with the Great Depression, which brought widespread unemployment, poverty, and social unrest. This economic crisis played a significant role in forcing the Joads and countless other families to leave their homes in search of work and a better life.
3. Steinbeck's own experiences: Steinbeck himself travelled through the Dust Bowl in 1938 and witnessed the plight of migrant workers firsthand. This personal experience greatly influenced his writing and provided him with a deep understanding of the struggles and resilience of those affected by the Dust Bowl and Depression.
4. The "Okie" experience: The novel focuses on the experience of "Okies," the name given to migrants from Oklahoma who were forced to flee their state due to the Dust Bowl. Steinbeck portrays the hardships, prejudices, and resilience of these people, seeking to give voice to their struggles and challenge the negative stereotypes surrounding them.
5. Social and political themes: Beyond the immediate context of the Dust Bowl and Depression, the novel explores broader themes of social justice, human dignity, and the power of community. It critiques the exploitative practices of big businesses, the inhumane treatment of migrant workers, and the dangers of societal apathy.
6. Biblical influences: *The Grapes of Wrath* draws upon biblical themes and imagery, particularly the exodus story from the Old Testament. This adds a sense of epic scope and moral weight to the narrative, highlighting the Joads' journey as a collective struggle for survival and redemption.
7. The power of the individual: Despite the overwhelming hardship and societal forces at play, the novel ultimately celebrates the resilience and strength of the individual. The Joads, despite their suffering, strive to maintain their dignity and hope for a better future.
By weaving together these elements, Steinbeck crafted a powerful and moving narrative that remains relevant to this day, exploring the complexities of human resilience, social injustice, and the enduring power of hope in the face of adversity.