Pre-Colonial Period:
* Oral Tradition: This was the primary form of literature, featuring epics, myths, legends, folk songs, and riddles. These narratives were passed down through generations, reflecting the beliefs, values, and culture of early Filipinos. Examples include the epic "Biag ni Lam-ang" and the epic "Hudhud," both showcasing the values of bravery, honor, and respect for ancestors.
* Indigenous Languages: Literature was primarily expressed in the various indigenous languages spoken throughout the archipelago. This rich linguistic diversity contributed to the distinct voices and styles found in Philippine literature.
Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898):
* Spanish Language and Culture: The introduction of Spanish language and culture had a profound impact on Philippine literature.
* Religious Literature: Works like "Pasyon" (a narrative about Christ's Passion) and "Senakulo" (a dramatic reenactment of Christ's life) became popular.
* Secular Literature: Poetry, drama, and novels emerged, often reflecting themes of love, faith, and social commentary.
* Filipino Writers in Spanish: Notable writers like José Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano López Jaena wrote in Spanish, often using their works to criticize Spanish colonial rule and advocate for Filipino independence.
* Printing Press: The introduction of the printing press in the 18th century allowed for the dissemination of literature to a wider audience, leading to greater literacy and intellectual growth.
American Colonial Period (1898-1946):
* English Language and Culture: American influence brought about the widespread use of English, creating a new literary landscape.
* Modernist Literature: Writers like José Garcia Villa, Nick Joaquin, and Carlos Bulosan explored themes of identity, alienation, and the clash of cultures.
* Poetry: Poetry saw significant development with the rise of modern poets like Bienvenido Santos and Edith Tiempo.
* Nationalism and Social Realism: Writers began to focus on themes of social inequality, poverty, and the quest for national identity.
Post-Colonial Period (1946-Present):
* Post-Colonial Literature: Writers like F. Sionil Jose, Bienvenido Lumbera, and Lualhati Bautista addressed the challenges of rebuilding the nation after World War II and the continuing struggle for social justice.
* Contemporary Influences: Global literature, diverse voices, and technological advancements have influenced contemporary Philippine writing. Modern Filipino writers often engage with issues of globalization, migration, and digital culture.
* Regional Literature: The rise of regional literature, highlighting the unique voices and perspectives of writers from different parts of the Philippines, contributes to the vibrant and diverse literary landscape.
Other Influences:
* Religion: Christianity, Islam, and indigenous beliefs have all played a significant role in shaping themes, values, and narratives in Philippine literature.
* Social and Political Events: Major historical events like the Philippine Revolution, World War II, and the Marcos regime have had a profound impact on literature.
* Social Change: The changing social landscape, including urbanization, technological advancements, and the rise of social media, continue to influence contemporary literature.
Overall, Philippine literature is a rich tapestry woven from diverse influences, reflecting the country's history, culture, and people. It's a dynamic and evolving body of work that continues to explore the complexities of the Filipino experience.