1. Symbolism:
* The "white" of Jem's shirt: This serves as a symbol of innocence and purity, which is ironically tainted by the events of the trial and the subsequent attack. The contrast between the pristine white and the gruesome reality of the attack emphasizes the brutality of the situation.
* The "mockingbird" itself: This symbol is used throughout the novel, but it becomes even more poignant in this chapter. The mockingbird represents innocence and vulnerability, mirroring the characters like Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. The attack on Jem and Scout, particularly the attack on Jem, highlights the violence and hatred that can be inflicted upon those who are simply trying to live their lives.
2. Foreshadowing:
* The "dark" and "still" atmosphere: The ominous setting foreshadows the attack on Jem and Scout. The darkness and stillness create an unsettling tension that prepares the reader for the violence that is to come.
* The "shadow" that follows Scout: This shadowy figure is never explicitly identified but is likely Boo Radley, foreshadowing his eventual appearance as the children's protector.
3. Imagery:
* The "heavy, suffocating" air: The imagery of the oppressive heat and humidity creates a sense of foreboding and suspense, amplifying the fear and danger that Scout and Jem are feeling.
* The "sound of the rustling leaves" and the "clicking of the gate": These auditory images create a sense of unease and suspense, emphasizing the unknown dangers lurking in the darkness.
4. Irony:
* The irony of the children being attacked on their way home from a pageant celebrating "Maycomb's best": This highlights the hypocrisy and prejudice that permeate the community, where "good people" can still be capable of violence and hatred.
* The irony of Jem's injury being the result of protecting a black man: This emphasizes the racial injustice and prejudice that define the society of Maycomb.
5. Dramatic Irony:
* The reader's knowledge of Boo Radley's presence: The reader knows that Boo is lurking nearby, while Scout and Jem are unaware. This creates suspense and anticipation, as the reader waits to see how Boo will react to the situation.
6. Characterization:
* The "strong" and "brave" nature of Scout: Despite the fear and uncertainty, Scout displays courage and resilience, demonstrating the resilience of the human spirit in the face of adversity.
* The "gentle" and "protective" nature of Boo Radley: Though initially seen as a monster, this chapter reveals Boo as a compassionate and courageous individual, willing to risk his own safety to protect the children.
7. Theme of Loss of Innocence:
* The attack on Jem and Scout: This event shatters their sense of security and innocence, forcing them to confront the harsh realities of the world.
8. Theme of Courage and Compassion:
* Boo Radley's intervention: This act of courage and compassion demonstrates that even in the face of adversity, there are those who will stand up for what is right, even if it means putting themselves at risk.
These are just a few of the literary devices used in Chapter 31 of To Kill a Mockingbird. By skillfully weaving these devices together, Harper Lee creates a chapter that is both suspenseful and emotionally powerful, leaving a lasting impact on the reader.