1. Plot: The sequence of events that make up the story. This includes the exposition (setting up the story), rising action (building tension), climax (the turning point), falling action, and resolution. Even in a short story, there should be a clear sense of direction and progression.
2. Characters: The people (or sometimes animals or inanimate objects) who populate the story. Short stories may focus on a single main character or multiple characters, and the relationships between characters drive the plot and contribute to conflict.
3. Conflict: The struggle or opposition that the characters face. This can be internal (a character's inner struggle) or external (a conflict with another character, society, or the environment). Conflict is essential for creating tension and keeping the reader engaged.
4. Theme: The underlying message or idea that the story explores. It's not always explicitly stated but often emerges from the characters' actions and choices. Themes can be about love, loss, hope, despair, redemption, etc.
It's important to remember that these elements are flexible and can be applied in various ways. A strong short story doesn't need to adhere to a rigid formula. Rather, it should focus on using these elements to create a compelling and impactful narrative.