1. Divine Providence:
Elizabethan society was predominantly Christian, and the idea of divine providence played a significant role in their understanding of fate. According to this view, God ordains and governs all aspects of the world, including the fate of individuals. People believed that their lives were predetermined by divine will and that they should accept their circumstances with humility and faith.
2. Predestination:
The doctrine of predestination, derived from Calvinist theology, held that God has predetermined the eternal destiny of each person before their birth. This belief emphasized the notion of divine sovereignty and raised questions about human free will and responsibility. Some Elizabethans grappled with the apparent conflict between predestination and human agency, leading to debates and theological discussions.
3. Fortune:
The concept of fortune, often personified as a blind goddess, was also prevalent during the Elizabethan era. Fortune was seen as a capricious and unpredictable force that could bring about sudden changes in one's life. It was commonly depicted in literature, art, and theater, reminding people of the uncertainties and unpredictability of existence.
4. Astrology:
Elizabethans had a keen interest in astrology and believed in the influence of celestial bodies on human affairs. They consulted astrologers to gain insights into their personal fortunes, predict events, and make important decisions. Astrological charts were often used to determine auspicious times for various endeavors, such as travel, marriage, or warfare.
5. Free Will and Human Agency:
Despite the emphasis on divine providence and predestination, the idea of human free will and agency remained a significant aspect of Elizabethan thought. Individuals were expected to exercise their moral judgment, make choices, and strive to live virtuous lives. The tension between predetermined fate and human responsibility was a subject of theological and philosophical discourse during this period.
6. Stoicism:
Stoicism, an ancient philosophical school of thought, influenced Elizabethan ideas about fate. Stoic teachings emphasized the acceptance of one's circumstances and emphasized the importance of moral character and inner resilience in the face of external events. Stoic ideas resonated with Elizabethan notions of enduring the uncertainties of life with fortitude and equanimity.
7. Tragedy and Fate:
Elizabethan theater often explored the themes of fate and tragedy, reflecting the cultural preoccupation with the role of destiny in human affairs. Tragic plays showcased characters battling against seemingly insurmountable odds, highlighting the tension between human aspirations and the inexorable forces of fate.
In summary, Elizabethan ideas about fate were shaped by a combination of religious beliefs, philosophical influences, and cultural values. The coexistence of divine providence, predestination, and human agency gave rise to complex theological and philosophical debates, while ideas of fortune and astrology influenced everyday life and decision-making. These concepts provided a framework for understanding life's uncertainties, seeking guidance, and grappling with the complexities of human existence in a world perceived to be governed by both divine forces and individual choices.