- Through the use of figurative language, such as similes and metaphors.
- By describing sensory details, such as sights, sounds and smells.
- By using symbolism, in which objects and events represent abstract ideas or emotions.
- Through foreshadowing, in which hints or clues are given about future events.
- By using internal monologue, in which the thoughts of a character are revealed.
- Through dramatic irony, in which the reader knows more about a situation than a character does.
- By using understatement, in which the impact of an event is suggested rather than described explicitly.
- Through the use of humor, which can be used to release tension or to highlight the absurdity of a situation.
- By using rhythm, pacing, and punctuation, which can create a sense of urgency, excitement, or suspense.