Observation & Interaction-Based:
* Anecdotal Records: Brief, descriptive notes about a student's behavior, work habits, or understanding during a lesson or activity.
* Checklists: Lists of skills or behaviors that are marked as observed or not observed. Useful for tracking progress on specific objectives.
* Rating Scales: Use a scale (e.g., 1-5) to assess a student's performance on specific criteria. More structured than anecdotal notes.
* Student Self-Assessment: Students reflect on their own learning and identify areas of strength and weakness. Can be through journals, reflections, or surveys.
* Peer Assessment: Students evaluate each other's work, providing feedback and identifying areas for improvement.
* Classroom Discussions: Observing student participation and understanding during discussions.
* Teacher-Student Conferences: One-on-one meetings to discuss progress, challenges, and goals.
Work Sample-Based:
* Portfolios: Collections of student work that showcase their progress over time.
* Projects: Complex assignments that require students to apply their knowledge and skills in a creative or practical way.
* Assignments: Homework, classwork, and other in-class tasks. The focus here is on the process and quality of the work rather than just the final grade.
* Creative Works: Art projects, writing samples, musical performances, etc. that demonstrate understanding in a different form.
Other Instruments:
* Questionnaires and Surveys: Gather student opinions, attitudes, and perceptions related to the course material or teaching methods.
* Interviews: Structured or unstructured conversations to gain insights into student understanding.
* Observations of Group Work: Assessing how students collaborate and contribute to a group task.
The key difference between these non-test instruments and tests is the focus. Tests primarily aim to measure a student's knowledge and skills at a specific point in time using a standardized method. Non-test instruments provide a broader, more holistic picture of student learning, including their progress, effort, attitudes, and self-awareness. They are often used *in addition* to tests to provide a more complete assessment.