* Cheating: Copying answers from another candidate, using unauthorized materials (notes, books, electronic devices), or looking at another candidate's work.
* Impersonation: Having someone else take the exam in your place.
* Collusion: Working with other candidates to share answers or otherwise collaborate during the exam.
* Plagiarism: Presenting someone else's work as your own. This is especially relevant in exams involving essays or written assignments.
* Fabrication: Making up data or information for an exam.
* Use of unauthorized aids: This includes bringing in hidden notes, using hidden electronic devices (smartwatches, calculators with extra functions), or communicating with others via hidden devices.
* Bribery or Corruption: Attempting to bribe examiners or invigilators to gain an advantage.
* Falsification of documents: Altering or forging any documents related to the exam, such as identification or application forms.
* Disturbing other candidates: Intentionally disrupting the exam environment to prevent others from concentrating.
Essentially, any act that compromises the integrity and fairness of the examination process constitutes unfair means. The specific definition and consequences may vary depending on the institution or examining body.