National Level:
* Federal Government (U.S.): While the U.S. federal government does not directly set national standards, it plays a role in influencing them through funding programs like the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), which has encouraged states to adopt common core standards.
* National Organizations: Organizations like the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) or the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) develop and promote professional standards for teachers in their respective disciplines.
State Level:
* State Departments of Education: States have the primary responsibility for setting curriculum standards and accountability measures, such as standardized testing requirements.
* State Boards of Education: These boards, often appointed by the governor or elected, oversee the state department of education and often set policy and approve standards.
Local Level:
* School Districts: Local school districts implement state standards and develop their own specific curricula and instructional practices.
* School Boards: Elected officials who govern the school district and oversee the superintendent, who is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the schools.
* Individual Schools: Schools have some degree of autonomy to develop their own programs and teaching strategies, but must adhere to state and district guidelines.
Other Key Players:
* Teachers: Teachers play a critical role in interpreting standards and adapting them to the specific needs of their students.
* Parents and Community: Parents and community members have a stake in education and can advocate for changes to standards.
* Higher Education Institutions: Colleges and universities play a role in preparing teachers and in setting standards for higher education.
Overall, educational standards are a complex issue with multiple stakeholders involved. It's crucial to understand that no single entity has absolute control, and collaboration between all levels of government, educators, and the community is essential for ensuring high-quality education.