1. Work simplification: Eliminate unnecessary steps and streamline processes.
2. Specialisation: Assign specific tasks to specialised individuals or teams.
3. Standardisation: Develop and maintain consistent standards for processes, procedures, and products.
4. Interchangeability: Make components and parts interchangeable to reduce downtime and increase efficiency.
5. Motion study: Analyse and improve the efficiency of physical movements in the workplace.
6. Time study: Measure and analyse the time required to perform tasks in order to identify inefficiencies.
7. Fatigue study: Analyse the physical and mental demands of tasks to identify and reduce sources of fatigue.
8. Methods engineering: Design and improve methods for performing tasks to increase efficiency.
9. Plant layout: Arrange machinery, equipment, and workstations to optimise material flow and reduce bottlenecks.
10. Materials handling: Develop and implement efficient systems for handling and moving materials.
11. Quality control: Implement systems to ensure that products and services meet quality standards.
12. Maintenance: Develop and implement preventive maintenance schedules to keep machinery and equipment in good working order.