The objectives in this category refer to number sense and basic operations. When most people think about mathematics, basic arithmetic comes to mind: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. For younger students, the focus is on writing numbers and determining the number of objects in a set to develop a strong numerical sense. Using place value and comparing numbers are also necessary skills for developing mathematical understanding. Basic computation and numerical sense set the stage for working with fractions, decimals and money. Instruction in numbers and operations is the foundation for all other mathematics skills.
Geometry refers to the spatial relationship between objects, exploring two- and three-dimensional figures and their properties and mathematical formulas that describe the representations of geometric concepts. For children in primary grades, geometry instruction encompasses identifying shapes and determining their properties, such as the number of sides and angles. For children in upper elementary grades, determining points on a coordinate plane, understanding lines, line segments, rays and angles and determining congruent shapes are skills introduced in geometry. Geometric understanding is vital for future success in the building trades and architectural design.
Data analysis and probability concepts are more pertinent today than ever before. Reading graphs, charts and interpreting data are examples of skills taught under this objective strand. Elementary students must gather data and create charts and graphs. Furthermore, they must understand how to determine the likelihood that an event will occur through probability. Gathering weather data as part of a science lesson or determining the probability that a certain candidate will be elected during a social studies lesson are examples of real life educational opportunities under this mathematics objective. Integrating data analysis with other subjects is one way to emphasize the importance of math in everyday life.
Most people think of algebra as an upper-level course; however, algebraic thinking and concepts begin in elementary school. Identifying, extending and creating patterns with numbers, colors and shapes are activities that develop children's ability to think algebraically. Using function tables, determining properties of addition and multiplication, and finding inverse operations are skills that fall under algebraic instruction in elementary school curriculum. Learning to think in algebraic terms not only prepares students for higher levels of math, but develops math reasoning abilities and higher order thinking skills crucial for success in other academic areas that require problem solving.
Measurement in elementary school involves more than simply breaking out a ruler to determine the length of objects found in the classroom. Measurement in the elementary curriculum also involves determining elapsed time, finding the perimeter and area of objects and estimating volume. This curriculum strand is easily integrated with science and offers many opportunities for creative experiments and projects. A strong sense of measurement concepts provides a foundation for practical everyday applications, such as cooking, gardening and home maintenance projects.