* Authoritarian: This style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness. Parents establish strict rules and expectations, with little explanation or discussion. They expect obedience and often use punishment to enforce rules. There's little warmth or nurturing shown. Children raised in this style may become obedient and well-behaved but also anxious, withdrawn, and lacking in self-esteem.
* Authoritative: This is often considered the most effective parenting style. It involves high demands and high responsiveness. Parents set clear expectations and rules, but they also explain the reasons behind them and are open to discussion and negotiation. They are warm, supportive, and involved in their children's lives. Children raised with this style tend to be self-reliant, responsible, and socially competent.
* Permissive (or Indulgent): This style is characterized by high responsiveness and low demands. Parents are warm and loving, but they set few rules or expectations. They are lenient and avoid confrontation. Children raised in this style may be happy and self-confident but also impulsive, immature, and lacking in self-control.
A fourth style, sometimes included, is:
* Uninvolved (or Neglectful): This style is characterized by low demands and low responsiveness. Parents are detached and uninvolved in their children's lives. They provide little guidance or support and may neglect their children's basic needs. Children raised in this style may have behavioral problems, low self-esteem, and difficulty forming relationships.
It's important to note that these are ideal types, and most parents fall somewhere along a spectrum between these styles, employing different approaches depending on the situation and the child's age and temperament. The effectiveness of each style can also depend on cultural context and individual circumstances.