* 農民 (nōmin): This is the most straightforward translation, meaning "farmer." While not directly equivalent to "peasant," it often implies a rural lifestyle and lower social standing, especially in historical contexts. It's generally neutral, not carrying the negative connotations of "peasant" in English.
* 百姓 (hyakushō): This word also means "farmer" or "common people," but it's more likely to evoke an image of a peasant in older Japanese texts and settings. It carries a stronger sense of a humble or low social class than *nōmin*.
* 小作農 (kosaku-nō): This translates to "tenant farmer," specifically referring to someone who farms land owned by another. This option highlights the economic aspect of being a peasant.
* 下層民 (kashōmin): This means "lower class people" and is a broader term that includes peasants. It emphasizes the social hierarchy.
The best word to use will depend on the specific context. If you're writing historical fiction, *hyakushō* might be appropriate. For a more modern context, *nōmin* is likely better. If you need to emphasize economic hardship, *kosaku-nō* is a strong choice. Using *kashōmin* is suitable when the broader social standing is the focus.