Introduce the concept of philosophy to students with a story. Traditionally, students are taught to read in a chronological sequence and often end up presenting what they have read in the form of a sequence of events. Start the introduction with a story that allows them to do this but ends with a question. For example, two siblings were discussing how grandma's flowers felt happy after being watered. One sibling retorts that the flowers can't be happy because they can't feel emotions.
Ask students to continue the story and offer examples of what the other sibling might say, particularly if she disagreed with her sibling and thought the flowers had emotions. Have them offer suggestions as to why she might believe that and how she might convince her sibling to agree with her. This introduces the initial concept to the class.
Carry the concept and discussion into other subjects. In literature class, discuss interpretations of the author's beliefs and how it has translated into their work.
Consider involving students in classroom debates when discussing a new concept. Prior to the lesson, ask students a question and then pose two possible answers. Divide students into two teams and allow them to debate their positions. Teach your lesson and then ask the class if they still agree with their original position. If some have switched, ask them to explain their reasoning for doing so.