Primary School (Grundschule): This is compulsory for all children and typically lasts four years. It's the foundation for all further schooling.
Secondary Schools (Sekundarstufe I & II): This is where the system diversifies significantly. Students typically transition from primary school around age 10. The specific types and names vary by state, but common pathways include:
* Hauptschule (Main School): Focuses on practical skills and vocational training. Graduates usually enter apprenticeships. This school type is becoming increasingly rare.
* Realschule (Intermediate School): Offers a middle ground between Hauptschule and Gymnasium. Provides a broader education than Hauptschule, preparing students for intermediate-level vocational training or further education at a Berufsschule (vocational school) or Gymnasium.
* Gymnasium (Grammar School): Prepares students for university entrance (Abitur). It's the most academically demanding secondary school type.
* Gesamtschule (Comprehensive School): Aims to combine aspects of Hauptschule, Realschule, and Gymnasium within a single school. Students are often streamed into different tracks within the Gesamtschule based on their abilities. Not all states have Gesamtschulen.
* Waldorf schools (Waldorfschulen): Private schools following the Waldorf/Steiner educational philosophy. They offer a comprehensive education through to Abitur.
* Other Private Schools: A variety of private schools exist, offering different educational philosophies and focuses.
Further Education: After completing secondary school, students can choose from:
* Berufsschule (Vocational School): Provides vocational training in conjunction with an apprenticeship (Ausbildung).
* Fachhochschule (University of Applied Sciences): Offers practical, applied degrees (Bachelor and Master).
* Universität (University): Offers more theoretically oriented degrees (Bachelor, Master, Doctorate).
It's important to note that the exact structure and terminology may differ slightly depending on the specific German state. The trend is towards fewer Hauptschulen and more Gesamtschulen, although the system remains diverse. Furthermore, many schools offer integrated programs blending aspects of different school types.