Master the subject area. The first couple of years of a Ph.D. program usually includes advanced coursework and the preparation of a research proposal. Search and read the published literature on the subject. In addition to libraries, most universities subscribe to online research databases that contain the complete text of published articles and academic conference proceedings. Take advantage of university travel grants to attend conferences and keep up to date with the most recent scholarly work on the subject.
Prepare for the preliminary examinations. Usually held after the formal coursework is complete, these exams evaluate fundamental knowledge -- understanding of the subject and ability to solve complex problems -- and research skills -- proposing a research plan and making progress toward a solution. You cannot rush the preparation of these exams; an overnight cramming session cannot possibly make up for one to two years' worth of subject matter knowledge. Getting a good night's sleep before an exam is always a good idea, especially so for a lengthy Ph.D. examination that may last several hours.
Extend knowledge of the subject through further research. The end result is a dissertation you must defend before faculty examiners in an oral presentation and examination. Seek the advice of your research adviser and peers in writing the dissertation because this is typically the hardest part of a Ph.D. program.
Write the dissertation. The sections may include the introduction, which lays out the research topic; an exhaustive review of the existing body of work; research methodology describing your research philosophy and approach; data collection, presentation and analysis; and conclusions. Do not wait to write the dissertation until the end of your program; instead, write it in stages and start filling in the sections as you continue with your research. Ph.D. students, usually in collaboration with their faculty supervisor, often present their key findings in academic conferences and publish them in peer-reviewed journals. Groundbreaking research can help launch successful careers in teaching and research.
Defend your dissertation. This is a chance for you to demonstrate that you are worthy of a Ph.D. designation. Examiners look for a thorough review of literature, an appropriate research methodology, a clear presentation of the results and identification of limitations.