* Academia: Professorships at universities and colleges across most disciplines (e.g., history, biology, engineering, literature, etc.). Postdoctoral researchers also usually require a PhD and therefore a dissertation.
* Research: Scientists in various fields (e.g., medical research, pharmaceutical research, environmental research), often working in government agencies, private companies, or research institutions.
* Data Science/Analytics: Senior roles in data science often prefer or require a PhD, especially in specialized fields.
* Policy Analysis: Roles involving research and analysis of public policy, often within government or think tanks.
* Engineering (specific areas): Some advanced engineering roles in research and development may necessitate a PhD and thus a dissertation.
* Finance (specific areas): Quantitative finance or financial modeling roles may value or require a PhD, although this is less common than in other fields.
* Psychology: Clinical psychologists, research psychologists, and some other related roles often require a PhD.
It's important to note that while a PhD and dissertation are often *strongly preferred* for these careers, they are not always strictly *required*. Some individuals might enter these fields with extensive experience or a master's degree, though career advancement may be limited without the doctoral qualification. The importance of a dissertation and PhD varies by specific job and institution.