The United States Department of Veterans Affairs offers fellowships and grants, open to everyone, for study in health related fields. For example, fellowships may be available to pursue an advanced degree in nursing, social work or psychology. The list of fellowships is updated often, so check with the agency's website for new opportunities. Most federal agencies require registration with Grants.gov before you can become eligible to apply for a fellowship or grant.
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, or HUD, awards one-time grants of $15,000 each year to approximately 15 doctoral candidates currently enrolled in accredited programs. HUD grants are awarded in any academic discipline that conducts research that contributes to HUD's mission and policies to build stronger communities and create affordable, quality housing.
Consider studying abroad. The Fulbright U.S. Student Program offers fellowships for American graduate students to study or conduct research abroad for one academic year. Another program offered through the Fulbright foundation is the Critical Language Enhancement Award. Grants are awarded to students studying foreign languages in which a critical need for translators has been identified. As of 2010, eligible languages included Arabic (all dialects), Azeri, Bahasa Indonesia, Bangla/Bengali, Chinese (Mandarin only), Farsi, Gujarati, Hindi, Korean, Marathi, Pashto, Punjabi, Russian, Turkish and Urdu.
The National Science Foundation provides financial support to education and research in most areas of science and engineering. For example, grants are available in the areas of biology, astronomy, earth science and astrophysics.