Differences Between the APA & MLA Guidelines for Bibliographic Citation

The APA (American Psychological Association) and the MLA (Modern Language Association) are two organizations that provide somewhat different styles for writing academic and research papers. APA rules generally apply to social and behavioral sciences, such as business, law and medical subjects, while MLA style rules are generally used for the humanities and liberal arts. If the paper is being written for a particular course, the professor will usually indicate which style to use.
  1. MLA Guidelines

    • The MLA calls its bibliographic list “Works Cited.” The order of entry is by author, then alphabetical by the author’s work. The author’s name is cited by last name, first name then middle initial. Second and third authors of the same work are cited first name, last name with commas after each name, followed by a period at the end of the citation. More than three authors use "et al" after the first name using a comma after the first author’s name followed by a period at the end. The name of the work follows the last author’s name. Titles should be capitalized and either underlined or in italics. Following that is the city and name of the publisher and the date published. If pages are cited, only the page numbers are shown, without “p” or “pp.”

    APA Guidelines

    • The APA’s bibliographic list is the “References” page. All authors are cited with first and second initials, followed by the last name, in alphabetical order. A comma follows each author’s name, with an ampersand before the last author’s name. All authors’ names are listed. This is followed by the date of publication, in parentheses. The title of the book or article is next, underlined or in italics, with only the first word capitalized. Finally, the publisher and city of publication is cited. Page numbers are preceded with “p” or “pp.”

    Examples

    • Here is how a specific book is cited under the two guidelines:

      MLA
      Schiller, Lawrence, and James Willwerth. American Tragedy: The Uncensored

      Story of the Simpson Defense. New York: Random House, 1996

      APA
      Schiller, L., & Willwerth, J. (1996). American Tragedy: The Uncensored

      Story of the Simpson Defense. New York: Random House.

      Each of the references is double spaced with a ½-inch hanging indent. Titles should be underlined or in italics.

    Style Guides

    • There are additional rules for periodicals, website citations, interviews and other sources, but they generally follow the examples shown. The details can be found in each organization’s style guide, which should be consulted once the appropriate style is chosen.

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