Study the topic of your paper. Make sure you understand the question. Ask yourself how best to address the question using archaeological evidence.
Begin your research. Read archaeological works on the subject. Wherever possible, read the original excavation or artifact reports. General works can help put these into contexts, but original data are always good to cite in your paper.
Develop an argument. Decide what conclusion you believe the archaeological evidence best supports and gather references to include in your essay.
Plan your essay. Divide your essay into paragraphs, with each covering a different area of the evidence. Your introduction should clearly lay out your argument, while your conclusion should tie it to the evidence.
Write your essay. Be careful to reference the evidence every time you introduce it to support one of your points. Proofread carefully when you are done.