- Bachelor's degree: Oncology careers typically start with an undergraduate degree in a science-related field, such as biology, chemistry, physics, or mathematics. Some programs may also offer pre-medicine majors specifically designed for students interested in pursuing a medical career.
- Medical degree: After earning a bachelor's degree, aspiring oncologists must attend medical school. Medical programs in the United States typically last for four years and involve intensive coursework in medical science, patient care, and clinical training.
- Residency: Upon completing medical school, individuals who want to become oncologists must complete a residency program in internal medicine or pediatrics, depending on whether they want to treat adults or children. Residencies typically last for three to four years and provide hands-on experience working with patients under the supervision of experienced physicians.
- Fellowship: After completing a residency, oncologists-in-training typically complete a fellowship in oncology, which is a subspecialty training program specific to the field of cancer care. Fellowships typically last for two to three years and provide specialized training in cancer diagnosis, treatment, and management.
- Board certification: After completing their fellowship training, oncologists must pass a rigorous certification exam administered by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) or the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP). Board certification is a mark of professional competency and is required for practicing as a medical oncologist.
Additional requirements may vary depending on the country or jurisdiction in which an individual wishes to practice oncology. Some jurisdictions may require additional certifications, licenses, or continuing education credits to maintain professional status.