In the United States, music students typically have the option to tailor a bachelor's degree toward a music-composition focus by taking a certain number of classes in music composition and theory. Some institutions will allow an undergraduate student to declare a major in music composition; others will confer a more general Bachelor of Music degree. At the graduate level, you can specialize in composition and gain a Master's degree in music composition, or more generally in music composition and theory. A doctoral degree in composition will require original research and professional-level composition work.
To be accepted as a music composition major, or alternatively to enter a graduate degree in music composition, you will need to prove your past achievements and future potential as a composer. Typically, a portfolio of scores and recordings of your previous work will be required. At the graduate level, references from professional composers and music faculty will also help your application. If you have won composition competitions or had your pieces selected for workshops, make sure to mention these achievements in your application.
There are several musical and non-musical studies which can help you develop as a professional composer. Such courses and studies may be mandated or optional as part of your degree in music composition. For example, you may wish to begin or continue applied study on a musical instrument while you are a composition student; piano is a popular instrument for composers because of its wide range and versatility for composing. Music theory classes are often considered a good complement to the study of composition, while learning how to conduct musical ensembles will help you in the preparation and performance of your compositions. Outside of music, classes in business studies may prove helpful, as may studies in one or more foreign languages.
Most emergent composers go through at least an initial period of working as a freelancer, perhaps also taking supplementary non-composing work to pay the bills. Professional composers can make a freelance living from commission payments for new compositions, and from royalties, recording and performance fees from existing compositions. Making a living as an independent composer requires dedication, patience, business skills and self-promotion. For those with a graduate degree in music composition, teaching at the college level is another career option. Many composers combine composition work with paid work as performers or conductors.