How to Do References in Footnotes

Footnotes are citations in papers placed at the bottom of a page in a numerical format and referenced throughout the piece by putting numbers at the end of corresponding sentences. For instance, if a sentence contains a quote found in the third reference listed in the footnotes, you should place a "3" at the end of the sentence. Footnotes allow writers to use simple numbers to cite references instead of having to write out lengthy information such as the author, title and date after each sentence.

Instructions

    • 1

      Give all of your references a number before writing your piece and cite each reference as you type by placing appropriate numbers at the end of sentences.

    • 2

      Cite book references at the bottom of the page in the following format: author, book title (in italics) (publisher city: publisher, year), page number(s). Example: Wayne Andrews, Architecture in New York: A Photographic History (in italics) (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 83.

    • 3

      Cite a radio or television program at the bottom of the page in the following format: station or network, "program title," date (formatted as day month year). Example: CBS, "60 Minutes," 17 August 2007.

    • 4

      Cite a film at the bottom of the page in the following format: director's name, director's title, film name (in italics), year produced. Example: David Anspaugh, Director, Rudy (in italics), 1993.

    • 5

      Cite a work of art at the bottom of the page in the following format: artist's name, title of work (in italics), year produced. Example: Vincent van Gogh, Bedroom in Arles (in italics), 1888.

    • 6

      Cite an archived document at the bottom of the page in the following format: author, "title, date (formatted as day month year)," records division, record group number, archives location. Example: John Doe, "Memorandum on Tom Smith, 5 June 1933," Smith Papers Division, Record Group 14, Joe Library, Charleston, South Carolina.

    • 7

      Cite a non-archived document at the bottom of the page in the following format: author, "title of document," place, date (formatted day month year). Example: Jane Doe, "Finding Life," Message at Church of God Fellowship Picnic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 5 June 1990.

    • 8

      Cite an interview at the bottom of the page in the following format: person interviewed, interview event, place of interview, date of interview (formatted day month year). Example: John Doe, interview held during meeting of Go Organization, Columbus, Ohio, 9 July 2003.

    • 9

      Cite an online source at the bottom of the page in the following format: author, title (in italics), year published, website address (month year). Example: Alan Levin, Some states want TSA to ease up (in italics), 2011, http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-05-12-invasive-tsa-pat-down-groping-law_n.htm (May 2011)

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