Identify the type of analysis that will be applied in the essay. Analysis can be limited to physical characteristics of the piece of art, or include elements of history, sociology and iconography in the argument. Carefully read the assignment prompt or check with the course instructor if you are unsure which type of analysis is most appropriate.
Perform a literature review by reading prior academic research and analysis regarding the chosen work of art. Take careful notes on each essay while reading, paying particular attention to authors' theses and main assertions. Consider including page or paragraph numbers with the notes to ease citing sources while writing, a strategy recommended by the Skidmore College Art History department.
Draft a thesis statement that succinctly contains the point of the original analysis. The thesis should be appropriately complex to support an argument, but one which will be fully contained in the essay. Make sure the thesis can be supported by the literature studied in the preliminary research.
Develop an outline for the essay before beginning to write. Paying careful attention to the required length for the assignment, break down the thesis statement into defensible sections and paragraphs. Begin examining where cited quotations from the research literature can be used in the body of the essay.