1. The Russian Revolution (1917):
* "Beasts of England" itself echoes "The Internationale," a socialist anthem widely sung during the revolution. Both songs call for a utopian society where the oppressed will rise up and overthrow their oppressors.
* The animals' rebellion mirrors the Bolshevik revolution. The pigs, who take control, represent the Bolsheviks, with Napoleon representing Joseph Stalin. The other animals represent various social classes, and their struggles reflect the political and social turmoil of the revolution.
* The Seven Commandments are a direct allusion to the ideals of the revolution, particularly the promise of "land and freedom for all." However, like the revolution, these ideals are ultimately betrayed and twisted for the pigs' benefit.
2. The French Revolution (1789):
* The slogan "All animals are equal" echoes the revolutionary cry "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity." Both slogans promise a society free from oppression and inequality, but like the French Revolution, the ideals of "Animal Farm" are ultimately corrupted.
* The animals' initial hope and enthusiasm mirrors the revolutionary fervor of the French people. However, as with the French Revolution, the revolution in *Animal Farm* descends into chaos and tyranny, culminating in the pigs becoming the new oppressors.
3. Biblical and Christian Themes:
* The pigs' use of religion to control the other animals is reminiscent of the Church's power in medieval Europe. The pigs manipulate the animals' religious beliefs to justify their own power and authority.
* The pigs' actions are frequently described as "wicked," "evil," and "sinful," reflecting the moral condemnation of the Bible.
* The animals' suffering and betrayal can be seen as a parallel to the crucifixion of Christ. The animals' hopes are crushed, and they are ultimately betrayed by those they trusted.
4. Other Literary and Historical Allusions:
* The animals' rebellion is also reminiscent of other stories about animals overthrowing humans. The most obvious example is Aesop's fables, which often feature animals with human-like qualities and moral lessons.
* The pigs' use of propaganda and manipulation echoes the totalitarian regimes of the 20th century. The pigs use slogans, songs, and propaganda to control the other animals and suppress dissent.
Overall, the allusions in "Beasts of England" and *Animal Farm* are significant because they:
* Highlight the cyclical nature of history: The revolution, like the French Revolution, ultimately leads to a new form of oppression.
* Expose the dangers of totalitarian regimes: The pigs' use of propaganda and manipulation mirrors the tactics of totalitarian regimes.
* Offer a critique of human society: The animals' actions and motivations are meant to reflect the flaws and failings of human nature.
These allusions add layers of meaning and complexity to *Animal Farm*, making it a powerful and enduring work of political satire.