1. To provide a broader context for the Joad family's journey: These chapters offer a larger perspective on the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression, going beyond the individual struggles of the Joads to depict the systemic issues at play. They delve into the economic and social forces that drove people from their homes and the inhuman conditions they faced on the road.
2. To highlight the collective experience of the migrants: Intercalary chapters often focus on the struggles of other families, revealing the shared hardships and resilience of the migrant community. They show how the individual experiences of the Joads were part of a larger movement and tragedy, emphasizing the universality of their struggles.
3. To offer a philosophical and moral commentary: These chapters frequently delve into themes of humanity, compassion, and social responsibility. They often feature allegorical characters and stories, reflecting on the nature of good and evil, the power of empathy, and the importance of collective action in the face of injustice.
4. To create a sense of urgency and immediacy: The intercalary chapters often use vivid imagery and stark prose to portray the harsh realities of the Dust Bowl and the hardships faced by the migrants. This immediacy and urgency contribute to the novel's emotional impact and drive home the urgency of the situation.
5. To provide a sense of historical and social realism: The intercalary chapters offer a glimpse into the historical events and social conditions that shaped the lives of the migrants. By including factual information and insights into the political and economic climate, Steinbeck makes the story feel more real and grounded in history.
In summary, the intercalary chapters in *The Grapes of Wrath* serve as a crucial element in the novel's structure and meaning. They broaden the scope of the story, provide a larger context, and elevate the novel beyond a mere narrative of a single family's journey. They offer a powerful and moving commentary on the human condition, the consequences of injustice, and the importance of solidarity in times of crisis.