1. Formalist Approach: Focuses on the internal elements of a text, such as its form, structure, style, and language, without considering external factors like the author's biography or historical context.
2. Structuralist Approach: Views a text as a system of interconnected elements and explores the underlying structures, patterns, and relationships within the work.
3. Post-Structuralist Approach: Questions the stability of meaning and emphasizes the deconstruction of texts, challenging traditional assumptions about language and representation.
4. Marxist Approach: Analyzes literature from a socio-economic perspective, exploring how class struggle, capitalism, and power dynamics shape the text's themes and characters.
5. Feminist Approach: Examines literature through a gender lens, focusing on women's experiences, identities, and representations in the text.
6. Deconstructionist Approach: Focuses on analyzing the contradictory meanings and ambiguities within a text, undermining assumptions about language and the stability of meaning.
7. Psychoanalytic Approach: Views literature through psychological theories, exploring unconscious desires, motivations, and complexes embedded in the text and characters.
8. New Historicist Approach: Studies literature in its historical context, considering cultural, social, political, and economic factors that influence the text's creation and meaning.
9. Reader-Response Approach: Emphasizes the reader's role in interpreting and constructing meaning from the text, considering the individual reader's experiences and perspectives.
10. Queer Theory Approach: Analyzes literature from a non-heteronormative perspective, exploring representations of non-traditional sexualities and gender identities.
11. Postcolonial Approach: Examines literature produced in countries that were formerly colonized, exploring issues of colonialism, power dynamics, cultural identity, and resistance.
12. Ecocritical Approach: Analyzes literature through an environmental lens, exploring themes related to nature, ecology, and the relationship between humans and the natural world.
These are just a few examples of different literary approaches, and scholars and critics may combine or adapt multiple approaches to gain a deeper understanding of literary works.