What literary devices are in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman?

* Allusion: Gilman alludes to several biblical passages throughout the story, such as the story of Eve's creation and the story of Sarah and Hagar. These allusions add depth and symbolism to the story, and they help to create a sense of foreboding and doom.

* Symbolism: The yellow wallpaper is the most obvious symbol in the story. It represents the narrator's madness, her entrapment, and her desire for freedom. Other symbols in the story include the bars on the windows, the locked doors, and the creeping shadows.

* Imagery: Gilman uses vivid imagery to create a sense of atmosphere and to convey the narrator's mental state. The descriptions of the yellow wallpaper, the dark and gloomy house, and the oppressive heat are all highly evocative and help to create a sense of claustrophobia and unease.

* Personification: Gilman personifies the yellow wallpaper, making it seem like a living, breathing creature. This personification adds to the sense of horror and dread in the story, and it helps to create a sense of the wallpaper as a malevolent force.

* Foreshadowing: Gilman uses foreshadowing to hint at the narrator's eventual breakdown. For example, the narrator mentions early on that she feels like she is going to "pieces," and she has a series of strange and disturbing dreams. These foreshadowing events help to create a sense of suspense and dread, and they make the narrator's eventual breakdown seem inevitable.