Symbolism:
* The "mad dog": This symbolizes the prejudice and racism that permeate Maycomb, especially toward the African American community. Tom Robinson is likened to a "mad dog" by the townspeople, justifying their fear and hatred.
* The "mockingbird": This symbol represents innocence and the importance of protecting those who are vulnerable. Atticus, Scout, and Jem are all likened to mockingbirds in the novel, and Tom Robinson is also a representation of this symbol.
Figurative Language:
* Metaphor: "Mr. Radley was a "foot-washing Baptist" is a metaphor that implies his extreme religious views and separation from society.
* Simile: "The night was hot and still, like a sleeping dog." This simile creates a sense of oppressive heat and anticipation of the events to come.
* Personification: "The children were still, the house was still, the world was still." This personification gives the sense of a collective holding of breath, emphasizing the tension of the courtroom trial.
Foreshadowing:
* Atticus's warning: Atticus warns Scout that "things are never as bad as they seem," foreshadowing that despite the overwhelming prejudice, there is still hope for justice and change.
* Bob Ewell's threats: Bob Ewell's anger and threats towards Atticus foreshadow the danger that is to come for Atticus and his family.
Point of View:
* Scout's innocent perspective: The story is told from Scout's perspective, which offers a unique insight into the complexities of the adult world and the moral dilemmas faced by the characters. This perspective allows for both naive observations and insightful reflections on justice, prejudice, and the nature of good and evil.
Other Devices:
* Suspense: The chapter builds suspense around the trial and the potential outcome for Tom Robinson.
* Humor: Despite the serious subject matter, Harper Lee uses humor to lighten the tone and provide moments of relief, such as Scout's interaction with Dill and Jem.
* Dialogue: The conversations between Atticus, Scout, Jem, and Dill reveal their individual personalities, values, and understanding of the world.
Overall, the literary devices used in Chapter 13 of To Kill a Mockingbird effectively contribute to the themes of prejudice, justice, and innocence. The chapter is a pivotal point in the novel, setting the stage for the dramatic climax and exploring the consequences of societal biases.