* Unreliable Narrator: A narrator whose sanity or perception is questionable creates uncertainty and dread. The reader can't trust what they're seeing, making even seemingly mundane events terrifying. Example: A story told from the perspective of someone suffering from paranoia or hallucinations.
* The Unknown: The fear of the unseen or unexplained is potent. What lurks in the shadows? What's making that noise? This is effective for building suspense and letting the reader's imagination fill in the blanks with their worst fears. Example: A mysterious entity or force whose nature is never fully revealed.
* Violation of Physical/Psychological Boundaries: Anything that disrupts the reader's sense of safety and normalcy is effective. This could be physical intrusion (a break-in, an attack) or psychological manipulation (gaslighting, mind control). Example: A creature that can distort reality, or a character slowly driving another person insane.
* Graphic Violence/Gore (use sparingly): While not always necessary, well-placed and impactful violence can be intensely frightening. Overuse can become gratuitous and desensitizing, however. Example: A brutally realistic depiction of a single, impactful act of violence, rather than gratuitous bloodshed.
* Isolation: Being alone and vulnerable increases fear. A character stranded in a remote location or cut off from help is more susceptible to danger. Example: A person trapped in a blizzard, or alone in a haunted house.
* Jump Scares (use sparingly): These are sudden, unexpected moments of terror. While effective in short bursts, overuse can cheapen the overall effect. Example: A sudden loud noise or a fleeting, horrifying image.
* Creepiness/Uncanniness: Things that are slightly off, unsettling, or unnatural. This can be far more effective than overt horror. Examples: Disturbing sounds, unsettling imagery, unnerving behaviour, uncanny dolls.
The most effective approach will depend on the specific story and the type of fear you're aiming for. A combination of these elements is often more potent than relying on just one.