The SAT does not have basic math on it. The test focuses on geometric and complex algebraic concepts. Basic math like long division, long multiplication, addition and subtraction are essentially missing, except as components of larger math problems. On the other end of the spectrum, complex calculus concepts like integration and differentiation aren't on the test either.
The core math concepts of the SAT are algebra, geometry and trigonometry. The average high school student spends several years working with these concepts, and this provides an opportunity to assess the student's level of proficiency before she is admitted to a college.
Many of the more difficult questions on the SAT come from a combination of concepts. More often than not, you will see trigonometry mixed with another concept like a word problem, physics, or algebra. These questions are not written specifically to trick students, but to get them right, students must show a mastery of a combination of concepts.
Questions on functions, graphs, statistics and probablity reinforce basic concepts throughout the examination. The functions and graphs focus on two coordinate systems and the probablity questions focus on simple mechanisms of chance. No factorial-based probability calculations are required on the SAT, so these questions are typically below the grade 12 level.