The first step in standardized test development is establishing a purpose. Developers consider how the test scores will be used, whether for certification, licensing, minimum competency or mastery of a specific subject. The purpose determines both the length and difficulty of the exam. Taking time in the beginning of the process to develop a clear purpose ensures that "your goals and priorities will be more effectively met," according to the Professional Testing website.
Standardized test specifications are composed of a description and a blueprint. The description outlines the test's purpose and the targeted examinee population. A test blueprint is developed, providing a list of content area and cognitive levels that will be tested. The blueprint also specifies the amount of content each area of the test will contain.
An initial pool of items is developed during the writing and development phase. A panel of subject matter experts is formed to write each section of test items. Each item is written based on the specifications in the blueprint.
After the test items are written, they are reviewed. The review addresses potential problems and ensures that the content is clear, accurate and free of technical flaws. The test must prove that it is fair for all examinees and subgroups.
When the initial development and review phases are complete, the pilot exam must go through a field test in which an appropriate group of examinees takes the test. This ensures the test's quality and practical application. The test is scored; however, the pilot is not used to measure examinees' knowledge.
The final steps in creating a standardized test are assembling the test forms, determining a passing score and item analysis. During the form assembly phase, multiple test forms are developed for each test as a security measure. Using statistical methods and policy, a passing score is then developed for the test. Item analysis is one of the most important steps in the test development process. It determines whether the test items are too simple, too difficult and display the skill level and knowledge of the examinee.