The definition of intelligence has changed throughout history. Early intelligence tests largely measured knowledge and language-contingent material. Modern academics recognize the diversity inherent in the concept of intelligence, which involves such elements as memory and problem solving, not only mathematical and linguistic abilities -- the general capacity to demonstrate conceptual and abstract thinking. Different tasks require different types of intelligence; various theorists have proposed different types of intelligence including spatial, linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, musical and interpersonal. The ability, or inability, of a test to accurately measure these various definitions of intelligence leave a lot of controversial territory to explore.
Intelligence tests often show trends in particular racial or linguistic populations. The danger of these sorts of tests are that the layman can interpret these trends as evidence of racial or cultural inferiority. This reasoning is flawed because it hinges on the belief that intelligence is a largely inherited trait, rather than being heavily influenced by environment. Modern academics recognize how socioeconomic circumstances and access to opportunities can influence intelligence test scores. Many of today's intelligence test designers take this into account as they continue to improve assessment tools.
According to a 2006 article in "Psychometrika," contemporary intelligence test design "bears an uncanny resemblance to the psychometric state of the art as it existed in the 1950s." Modern developments in psychometrics, the methodologies involved in measuring human psychology, are being left out of modern test design. There is a distinct gap between what we know about measuring human psychology to include intelligence and the actual tests we are using.
Psychologist Peter Schönemann referred to the use of an intelligence quotient as "the IQ Myth." Schönemann argues against the high heritability of IQ scores, claiming the theories are based on flawed assumptions. Modern scholars across a variety of fields continue to identify significant environmental factors which influence what most intelligence tests measure. Other critics similarly assert that it is inaccurate and dangerous to base the concept of intelligence on a numerical score, as it is a poor measure of mental ability.