* Judges: In most jurisdictions, a judge ultimately decides the punishment after considering the facts of the case, recommendations from other parties, and the applicable laws. However, their sentencing options are often constrained by law and guidelines.
* Prosecutors: Prosecutors have significant influence, as they decide what charges to file. The severity of the charges directly impacts the potential punishment. They may also offer plea bargains, influencing the final outcome.
* Defense Attorneys: Defense attorneys advocate for their client and aim to get the most lenient sentence possible. They present mitigating factors to the judge and negotiate with the prosecution.
* Youth Court/Juvenile Court Judges: In many systems, there are specialized courts and judges that handle juvenile cases. These judges are often trained in working with young people and consider rehabilitation as a key goal in sentencing.
* Social Workers and Probation Officers: These professionals often conduct assessments of the minor, their family situation, and the risk they pose. Their reports inform the judge's decision.
* Legislation and Sentencing Guidelines: Laws and guidelines at the state or national level define the range of possible punishments for different offenses committed by minors. Judges must generally stay within these parameters.
* Victim Impact Statements: In some cases, the victim or their family can provide a statement describing the impact of the crime, which might influence the judge's decision.
In short, it's a collaborative (though sometimes adversarial) process, with the judge holding ultimate authority within the bounds of the law and the specific circumstances of the case. The focus is often more on rehabilitation and reform than on simply punishment as it is for adults.