Behaviorists have recognized the value of positive reinforcement in helping modify behavior. This is particularly true with preschoolers, to whom pleasing their teacher and other authority figures is typically very important. Encourage the children to do their best, follow the rules and make wise choices. Check that they understand the consequences of both positive and negative decisions. Applaud them when they do well, and be very specific. "You all are doing a good job staying in your line" on the way to lunch or "I like the way you are using your words" to work out a conflict are some examples.
Children learn at a very young age that it is often the trouble-makers who get attention from the teacher, albeit negative attention. One of the best ways to counter this is to catch a child doing the right thing without having to be prompted. Encourage or reward displays of positive character traits, such as responsibility, honesty or kindness. This type of reinforcement helps the children realize positive behaviors are noticed and valued by the teacher.
Acknowledge students' positive behaviors by establishing a cumulative rewards system. Label a large glass jar, fish bowl, small plastic bucket or other container with the type of reward children will enjoy when the container is full, such as a party, extra recess or special snacks. When a child in the classroom does something positive -- helps a classmate or cleans up without being asked, for example -- give him a token to put in the container. Some teachers use cotton balls or marbles; select something age-appropriate and appealing to the kids. When enough positive behaviors have been rewarded and the container is full, the children can enjoy the treat.
Teachers of younger children often use some sort of visible behavior chart. The green-yellow-red stoplight system is a common variant: Children whose behavior meets expectations get to display a green card or marker next to their name for the day; children who require a warning or two change their card to yellow; and children who misbehave or break classroom rules get a red marker. They are given opportunities during the day to "upgrade" to the yellow or green level by demonstrating appropriate behaviors. Teachers should give all children a fresh start with a green status at the beginning of each school day.