* For the vast majority of children (peasants), the answer was no. Their education was primarily through practical apprenticeships and learning by doing within the family's trade or agricultural work. Formal schooling wasn't an option.
* For wealthier families, the answer was sometimes, yes. Boys from wealthy families, particularly the nobility and the merchant class, might attend schools, often attached to monasteries or cathedrals. These schools focused on religious instruction (Latin, scripture) and basic literacy, with some schools offering more advanced studies in rhetoric, logic, and arithmetic.
* Girls rarely attended formal schools. Their education, if any, was usually received at home, focusing on domestic skills and religious instruction. Only very rarely would girls from extremely wealthy families receive more advanced education.
So while formal schooling existed in the Middle Ages, it was far from universal and was heavily weighted towards wealthy boys. The vast majority of medieval children received no formal education in a school setting.